Here in the US it depends on the State and the School system, but generally it runs kind of like this:
Pre-school, 2 years
Kindergarten, 1year
Elementary School, 7 or 8 years depending on the School District, some run grades 1-5 as elementary and grades 6-8 as middle school
High School, 3 to 4 years for a total of 12 years not including pre-school
College, depends on the degree sought:
Associate's Degree, 2 years
Batchelor's Degree, 4 years gets you your basic
Master's Degree, 2 more years
Doctorate, 2 years above Master's depending on your field. Medical Doctorate will usually require an additional 2 year internship and 2 years of residency before entering "private practice".
Is that confusing enough?
Master's and Doctorates require some dissertation or thesis to aquire.
As to which school is better... that is a matter of class distinction, some schools have reputations for turning out exceptional graduates and those schools are preferred because their graduates command better salaries upon matriculation. Although in the schools of law or medicine, one can get a good education at a number of other institutions for a lot less money. The quality of education is generally very good at the higher levels. There are "board" or "Bar" exams that insure quality among those professionals that are issued by the States in the form of Licenses to Practice.
Music Scholarships are available although perhaps not as easy to attain as in the past. My father managed to get no less than 3 Engineering Degrees on a combination of Music and Athletic Scholarships.